Earthworms are unique among soil invertebrates as they bury organic debris, mix organic and inorganic matter in their excreta and modify the structure of the soil through their burrow systems. They have always been considered as the farmer's friend because they have positive effect on the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soils. Therefore the earthworms are considered as the leader in revitalization of the soil. They can be regarded as soil bio-technologists and solid waste managers. They consume large quantities of organic litter or waste and convert them into manure, which is used as a valuable compost, known as 'vermi-compost'.

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An Earthworm is a tube-like, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelid. They are also called angleworms as they are also used as a fish bait by many people. They can grow up to 36 cm long and can weigh up to 11 g. Color ranges from light purple to brownish, with the underside being a little paler. Some Earthworms live in the burrows. They are known to dig a tunnel as long as 2 m during periods of dryness/in winter. Biology students dissect them in high schools. They can't see or hear but are sensitive to both light and vibrations. Internally they are complex, having most major organ systems. Some internal organs, including the excretory organs, are duplicated in each segment.

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LIFE CYCLE:-

                               During mating, two Earthworms are bound together by sticky mucus while each transfers sperm to the other. After copulation, the cellulite secretes a structure called a 'cocoon'. they are small, spherical, translucent structures which separately pick up eggs and sperm deposited by the other Earthworm. Fertilization of ova occurs within the cocoon. The cocoon hardens to provide protection to the developing eggs. Within 24 hours after mating, the cocoon is deposited in the soil. They can lay dormant for an extended period of time until favorable conditions are just right. In about 2 to 3 weeks, the cocoon releases 1 to 5 white and transparent young earthworms, which are 2.5-4.0 cm long. 

 

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:- 

The Earthworm is one of the nature's leading ''soil scientists''. They turn common soil into superior soil by facilitating the amount of air and water that gets into soil. They break down organic matter and when they eat, they leave behind castings that are an exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer. In this way they make a healthier soil that improves or enhances plant growth and agricultural productivity. For this reason worms are viewed as a gardener's friend and their presence and activity in gardens is generally encouraged.